Validating and Forecasting Carbon Emissions in the Framework of the Environmental Kuznets Curve: The Case of Vietnam

This paper examines the environmental Kuznets curve (EKC) in Vietnam between 1977 and 2019. Using autoregressive distributed lag (ARDL) approach, we find an inverted N-shaped relation economic growth carbon dioxide emissions both long- short-run. The econometric results also reveal that energy consumption urbanization statistically positively impact pollution. long-run Granger causality test shows a unidirectional from to pollution while there is no causal relationship growth. These suggest some crucial policies for curtailing without harming development. In second step, employed back-propagation neural networks (BPN) compare work of econometrics forecasting. A 5-4-1 multi-layer perceptron with BPN learning rate was set at 0.1, which outperforms ARDL’s outputs. Our findings potential application machine notably improve method’s forecasting literature.